PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA - CPAEN 2024 - CONCURSO PÚBLICO DE ADMISSÃO À ESCOLA NAVAL
- 20 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 5 Options Each Question.
• TEXTO I
Read the text below and answer questions 23 to 27.
Wind-powered cargo ships with sail-like ‘wings’ could reduce fuel use by 30%
Navios de carga movidos a vento com "asas" semelhantes a velas podem reduzir o uso de combustível em até 30%
A cargo ship with a difference is set to dock at the Polish port of Gdynia early next week.
Um cargueiro diferente está pronto para atracar no porto polonês de Gdynia no início da próxima semana.
- A cargo ship with a difference – Um cargueiro diferente.
- is set to dock at – está pronto para atracar em.
- to dock – atracar, aportar, ancorar.
The Pyxis Ocean, a bulk carrier that is 229 meters long and 32 meters wide, looks like any other dry cargo vessel — but with a big difference: it is fitted with two large, rigid sails known as WindWings.
O Pyxis Ocean, um graneleiro com 229 metros de comprimento e 32 metros de largura, parece qualquer outro navio de carga seca — mas com uma grande diferença: ele é equipado com duas velas grandes e rígidas conhecidas como WindWings.
- a bulk carrier – um graneleiro.
- dry cargo vessel – navio de carga seca.
- two large, rigid sails – duas velas grandes e rígidas.
These 37.5-meter-tall wings use wind power to help propel the vessel and in doing so reduce the amount of fuel it uses in an effort to cut carbon — shipping accounts for nearly 3% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.
Essas asas de 37,5 metros de altura usam a energia eólica para ajudar a impulsionar o navio e, ao fazer isso, reduzem a quantidade de combustível que ele usa em um esforço para cortar carbono — o transporte é responsável por quase 3% das emissões mundiais de gases de efeito estufa.
- 37.5-meter-tall wings – asas de 37,5 metros de altura.
- wind power – energia eólica.
- vessel – enbarcação, navio.
- greenhouse gas emissions – gases de efeito estufa.
The ship set sail from Shanghai, China, on Aug. 1, with around 20 crew onboard, and the voyage took it to Paranagua, Brazil, in September before it set sail for the Spanish island of Tenerife, and then on to Poland. The wings were folded down when the ship docked at ports on the journey.
O navio partiu de Xangai, China, em 1º de agosto, com cerca de 20 tripulantes a bordo, e a viagem o levou para Paranaguá, Brasil, em setembro, antes de zarpar para a ilha espanhola de Tenerife e depois para a Polônia. As asas foram dobradas quando o navio atracou nos portos durante a viagem.
- to set sail – zarpar, içar as velas, navegar, partir de.
- 20 crew onboard – 20 tripulantes a bordo.
The WindWings were added to the six-year-old vessel with the aim of cutting fuel use by about 20% on the voyage, according to Jan Dieleman, president of Cargill Ocean Transportation, which chartered the Pyxis Ocean.
Os WindWings foram adicionados ao navio de seis anos com o objetivo de reduzir o uso de combustível em cerca de 20% na viagem, de acordo com Jan Dieleman, presidente da Cargill Ocean Transportation, que fretou o Pyxis Ocean.
- "six-year-old vessel" – navio de seis anos.
- "the aim of cutting" – o objetivo de reduzir.
- "to charter"(= to rent) – fretar, alugar.
Net zero goals
[6] Cargill's calculations suggest that WindWings could contribute to around a 30% reduction in fossil fuel consumption when three wings are installed on a new ship — but if that vessel is powered with a biofuel, that figure could go up to 50%, Dieleman said.
Os cálculos da Cargill sugerem que o WindWings poderia contribuir para uma redução de cerca de 30% no consumo de combustível fóssil quando três asas são instaladas em um novo navio — mas se esse navio for movido a um biocombustível, esse número pode subir para 50%, disse Dieleman.
- "fossil fuel" – combustível fóssil.
- "consumption" – consumo, utilização.
- "be powered with " – ser alimentado com, ser movido a.
- "biofuel" – biocombustível.
In July, the maritime industry agreed to reduce emissions to net zero "by or around" 2050, but given the size and complexity of the sector, issues such as a lack of green fuels could cause delays.
Em julho, a indústria marítima concordou em reduzir as emissões para zero líquido "até ou por volta de" 2050, mas dado o tamanho e a complexidade do setor, questões como a falta de combustíveis verdes podem causar atrasos.
- "maritime industry" – indústria marítima, setor marítimo.
- "delay" – atraso, demora.
“Wind is not going to get us to zero — unless we're all willing to switch off the engines and go back in time... But what we're trying to do here with this specific technology is somehow combine the best of both worlds, still have reliability [with an engine], but reduce significantly the fuel usage,” Dieleman told CNBC by video call.
“O vento não vai nos levar a zero — a menos que estejamos todos dispostos a desligar os motores e voltar no tempo... Mas o que estamos tentando fazer aqui com essa tecnologia específica é de alguma forma combinar o melhor dos dois mundos, ainda ter confiabilidade [com um motor], mas reduzir significativamente o uso de combustível”, disse Dieleman à CNBC por videochamada.
- "unless" (except if)– a menos que, exceto se.
- "the fuel usage" – o uso de combustível.
Biofuels such as green methanol and green ammonia are more costly than fossil fuels, and it's not simply a case of switching one for another: methanol has about half the energy density of hydrocarbons so need larger tanks, for example.
Biocombustíveis como metanol verde e amônia verde são mais onerosos do que combustíveis fósseis, e não é simplesmente um caso de trocar um pelo outro: o metanol tem cerca de metade da densidade energética dos hidrocarbonetos, então precisa de tanques maiores, por exemplo.
- "costly" – oneroso, dispendioso, caro.
"If you can reduce the volume (of fuel] you have another gain, [in] that you don't have to put your ship all full of tanks instead of cargo capacity," Dieleman said.
"Se você puder reduzir o volume (de combustível), você tem outro ganho, [em] que você não precisa colocar seu navio todo cheio de tanques em vez de capacidade de carga", disse Dieleman.
“I do get very excited with the combination of wind plus the new fuels, because new fuels [are] three, four times more expensive, then [by adding wind power] your payback is probably going to be two, three years instead of 10 years," he added. This might encourage more ship owners to participate in schemes like this, because they are potentially more financially rewarding and less risky, Dieleman said.
"Eu fico muito animado com a combinação de vento mais os novos combustíveis, porque novos combustíveis [são] três, quatro vezes mais caros, então [ao adicionar energia eólica] seu retorno provavelmente será de dois, três anos em vez de 10 anos", ele acrescentou. Isso pode encorajar mais armadores a participar de esquemas como este, porque eles são potencialmente mais recompensadores financeiramente e menos arriscados, disse Dieleman.
Cargill has ordered five methanol-powered bulk carrier vessels, the first of which was ordered in 2022, before the WindWings were tested at sea. Once the wings' performance has been evaluated, Cargill hopes to work with the shipyard building the new vessels to add WindWings to their design.
A Cargill encomendou cinco navios graneleiros movidos a metanol, o primeiro dos quais foi encomendado em 2022, antes dos WindWings serem testados no mar. Uma vez que o desempenho das asas tenha sido avaliado, a Cargill espera trabalhar com o estaleiro que está construindo os novos navios para adicionar WindWings ao seu projeto.
The WindWings are not suitable for all vessels: it wouldn't be possible to install them on a cargo ship that carries large containers that are many layers tall, for example. Bulk carriers like the Pyxis Ocean store their goods — such as grain — inside their cavities, below deck.
Os WindWings não são adequados para todos os navios: não seria possível instalá-los em um navio de carga que transporta grandes contêineres com muitas camadas de altura, por exemplo. Os graneleiros como o Pyxis Ocean armazenam seus produtos — como grãos — dentro de suas cavidades, abaixo do convés.
The WindWings were developed by Cargill with naval architect Bar Technologies, and produced by Yara Marine Technologies, while the Pyxis Ocean is owned by Mitsubishi Corporation.
Os WindWings foram desenvolvidos pela Cargill com o arquiteto naval Bar Technologies e produzidos pela Yara Marine Technologies, enquanto o Pyxis Ocean é de propriedade da Mitsubishi Corporation.
"This is a prime example, I think, of where people come together, and really genuinely [are] willing to make a difference, taking some risk. We have an owner that is letting us cut big holes in the ship — that is not what every owner in the world is willing to do,” Dieleman said.
"Este é um excelente exemplo, penso eu, de onde as pessoas se juntam e realmente [estão] genuinamente dispostas a fazer a diferença, assumindo alguns riscos. Temos um proprietário que nos deixa cortar grandes buracos no navio — não é isso que todos os proprietários do mundo estão dispostos a fazer", disse Dieleman.
- (Adapted from https://www.cnbc.com)
Glossary
- "Net zero" refers to the balance between the amount of greenhouse gas that is produced and the amount that is removed from the atmosphere.
- "Net zero" refere-se ao equilíbrio entre a quantidade de gás de efeito estufa produzida e a quantidade removida da atmosfera.
23 – Which option is correct according to text I?
(A) Jan Dieleman recommends that shipping companies should switch off the engines of ships and go back in time in order to obtain net zero emissions.
(B) The present use of biofuels alone only brings advantages to shipping companies.
(C) Although new fuels are more expensive and may have lower energy density, ships that use them together with wind power may be more financially rewarding.
(D) The fossil fuel industry is a promising activity which has been attracting ship owners in spite of the financial risks involved.
(E) Cargill intends to buy ships of all kinds and add WindWings to them.
- Gabarito C
Which option is correct according to text I?
Qual opção está correta de acordo com o texto I?
(A) Jan Dieleman recommends that shipping companies should switch off the engines of ships and go back in time in order to obtain net zero emissions.
Jan Dieleman recomenda que as empresas de transporte desliguem os motores dos navios e voltem no tempo para obter emissões líquidas zero.
- "Wind is not going to get us to zero — unless we're all willing to switch off the engines and go back in time... But what we're trying to do here with this specific technology is somehow combine the best of both worlds, still have reliability [with an engine], but reduce significantly the fuel usage,” Dieleman told CNBC by video call.“O vento não vai nos levar a zero — a menos que estejamos todos dispostos a desligar os motores e voltar no tempo... Mas o que estamos tentando fazer aqui com essa tecnologia específica é de alguma forma combinar o melhor dos dois mundos, ainda ter confiabilidade [com um motor], mas reduzir significativamente o uso de combustível”, disse Dieleman à CNBC por videochamada.
(B) The present use of biofuels alone only brings advantages to shipping companies.
O uso atual de biocombustíveis por si só traz vantagens para as empresas de transporte.
- [9] Biofuels such as green methanol and green ammonia are more costly than fossil fuels, and it's not simply a case of switching one for another: methanol has about half the energy density of hydrocarbons so need larger tanks, for example.Biocombustíveis como metanol verde e amônia verde são mais caros do que combustíveis fósseis, e não é simplesmente um caso de trocar um pelo outro: o metanol tem cerca de metade da densidade energética dos hidrocarbonetos, então precisa de tanques maiores, por exemplo.
(C) Although new fuels are more expensive and may have lower energy density, ships that use them together with wind power may be more financially rewarding.
Embora os novos combustíveis sejam mais caros e possam ter menor densidade energética, os navios que os usam junto com a energia eólica podem ser mais recompensadores financeiramente.
- [11] “I do get very excited with the combination of wind plus the new fuels, because new fuels [are] three, four times more expensive, then [by adding wind power] your payback is probably going to be two, three years instead of 10 years," he added. This might encourage more ship owners to participate in schemes like this, because they are potentially more financially rewarding and less risky, Dieleman said."Eu fico muito animado com a combinação de vento mais os novos combustíveis, porque novos combustíveis [são] três, quatro vezes mais caros, então [ao adicionar energia eólica] seu retorno provavelmente será de dois, três anos em vez de 10 anos", ele acrescentou. Isso pode encorajar mais armadores a participar de esquemas como este, porque eles são potencialmente mais recompensadores financeiramente e menos arriscados, disse Dieleman.
(D) The fossil fuel industry is a promising activity which has been attracting ship owners in spite of the financial risks involved.
A indústria de combustíveis fósseis é uma atividade promissora que tem atraído armadores, apesar dos riscos financeiros envolvidos.
(E) Cargill intends to buy ships of all kinds and add WindWings to them.
A Cargill pretende comprar navios de todos os tipos e adicionar WindWings a eles.
- [13] The WindWings are not suitable for all vessels: it wouldn't be possible to install them on a cargo ship that carries large containers that are many layers tall, for example. Bulk carriers like the Pyxis Ocean store their goods — such as grain — inside their cavities, below deck.Os WindWings não são adequados para todos os navios: não seria possível instalá-los em um navio de carga que transporta grandes contêineres com muitas camadas de altura, por exemplo. Os graneleiros como o Pyxis Ocean armazenam seus produtos — como grãos — dentro de suas cavidades, abaixo do convés
24 – According to text I:
(A) the Pyxis Ocean is a brand new ship which was fitted with two WindWings with the purpose of consuming approximately 20% less fuel.
(B) the Pyxis Ocean is an old ship which was fitted with three WindWings with the purpose of consuming approximately 20% less fuel.
(C) the greenhouse gas emissions in the world are heavily caused by the shipping industry.
(D) ships that have three WindWings and use biofuel may consume 50% less in fuel.
(E) ships that have three WindWings and use biofuel will consume up to 30% less in fuel.
- Gabarito D
(A) the Pyxis Ocean is a brand new ship which was fitted with two WindWings with the purpose of consuming approximately 20% less fuel.
o Pyxis Ocean é um navio novo que foi equipado com dois WindWings com o propósito de consumir aproximadamente 20% menos combustível.
- [5] The WindWings were added to the six-year-old vessel with the aim of cutting fuel use by about 20% on the voyage, according to Jan Dieleman, president of Cargill Ocean Transportation, which chartered the Pyxis Ocean.Os WindWings foram adicionados ao navio de seis anos com o objetivo de reduzir o uso de combustível em cerca de 20% na viagem, de acordo com Jan Dieleman, presidente da Cargill Ocean Transportation, que fretou o Pyxis Ocean.
B) the Pyxis Ocean is an old ship which was fitted with three WindWings with the purpose of consuming approximately 20% less fuel.
o Pyxis Ocean é um navio antigo que foi equipado com três WindWings com o propósito de consumir aproximadamente 20% menos combustível.
- [2] The Pyxis Ocean, a bulk carrier that is 229 meters long and 32 meters wide, looks like any other dry cargo vessel — but with a big difference: it is fitted with two large, rigid sails known as WindWings.O Pyxis Ocean, um graneleiro com 229 metros de comprimento e 32 metros de largura, parece qualquer outro navio de carga seca — mas com uma grande diferença: ele é equipado com duas velas grandes e rígidas conhecidas como WindWings.
(C) the greenhouse gas emissions in the world are heavily caused by the shipping industry.
as emissões de gases de efeito estufa no mundo são fortemente causadas pela indústria naval.
- [3] These 37.5-meter-tall wings use wind power to help propel the vessel and in doing so reduce the amount of fuel it uses in an effort to cut carbon — shipping accounts for nearly 3% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.Essas asas de 37,5 metros de altura usam a energia eólica para ajudar a impulsionar o navio e, ao fazer isso, reduzem a quantidade de combustível que ele usa em um esforço para cortar carbono — o transporte é responsável por quase 3% das emissões mundiais de gases de efeito estufa.
(D) ships that have three WindWings and use biofuel may consume 50% less in fuel.
navios que têm três WindWings e usam biocombustível podem consumir 50% a menos em combustível.
- [6] Cargill's calculations suggest that WindWings could contribute to around a 30% reduction in fossil fuel consumption when three wings are installed on a new ship — but if that vessel is powered with a biofuel, that figure could go up to 50%, Dieleman said.Os cálculos da Cargill sugerem que o WindWings poderia contribuir para uma redução de cerca de 30% no consumo de combustível fóssil quando três asas são instaladas em um novo navio — mas se esse navio for movido a um biocombustível, esse número pode subir para 50%, disse Dieleman.
(E) ships that have three WindWings and use biofuel will consume up to 30% less in fuel.
navios que têm três WindWings e usam biocombustível consumirão até 30% menos em combustível.
25 – The verb “dock" in the sentence
- “A cargo ship with a difference is set to dock at the Polish port of Gdynia early next week.” (paragraph 1)
is equivalent in meaning to:
(A) start.
(B) sink.
(C) set off.
(D) leave.
(E) arrive.
- Gabarito E
(A) start. começar. (iniciar uma viagem).
(B) sink. afundar.
(C) set off. partir (iniciar uma viagem).
(D) leave. sair. (iniciar uma viagem).
(E) arrive. chegar.
- “A cargo ship with a difference is set to dock at the Polish port of Gdynia early next week.” (paragraph 1)
- Um navio de carga diferente deverá atracar no porto polonês de Gdynia no início da próxima semana.
- Em contexto de viagem, "to start", "set off" e "leave" são intercambiáveis.
- to dock - to arrive.
26 – The word "so” in the sentence
- “These 37.5-meter-tall wings use wind power to help propel the vessel and in doing so reduce [...]' (paragraph 3)
refers to:
(A) “is 229 meters long and 32 meters wide” (paragraph 2).
(B) "use wind power to help propel the vessel” (paragraph 3).
(C) “looks like any other dry cargo vessel" (paragraph 2).
(D) "reduce the amount of fuel it uses in an effort to cut carbon" (paragraph 3).
(E) “accounts for nearly 3% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions” (paragraph 3).
- Gabarito B
The word "so” in the sentence
- “These 37.5-meter-tall wings use wind power to help propel the vessel and in doing so reduce [...]' (paragraph 3)
- “Estas asas de 37,5 metros de altura usam a energia eólica para ajudar a impulsionar a embarcação e, ao fazer tanto, reduzem [...]”
refers to:
(A) “is 229 meters long and 32 meters wide” (paragraph 2).
(B) "use wind power to help propel the vessel” (paragraph 3).
(C) “looks like any other dry cargo vessel" (paragraph 2).
(D) "reduce the amount of fuel it uses in an effort to cut carbon" (paragraph 3).
(E) “accounts for nearly 3% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions” (paragraph 3).
>> "SO" usado antes ou depois de um verbo para enfatizar que alguém faz algo muito ou em grande grau. (www.ldoceonline.com)
- No contexto, "and in doing so...", "SO"(tanto) é usado para enfatizar e referir ao "use wind power to help propel the vessel”.
27 – (CPAEN-2024-ESCOLA NAVAL) The phrase “set sail” (paragraph 4) is equivalent in meaning to:
(A) flew.
(B) boarded.
(C) departed.
(D) fitted.
(E) reduced.
- Gabarito C
- [4] The ship set sail from Shanghai, China, on Aug. 1, with around 20 crew onboard, and the voyage took it to Paranagua, Brazil, in September before it set sail for the Spanish island of Tenerife, and then on to Poland.O navio partiu de Xangai, China, em 1º de agosto, com cerca de 20 tripulantes a bordo, e a viagem o levou para Paranaguá, Brasil, em setembro, antes de zarpar para a ilha espanhola de Tenerife e depois para a Polônia.
The phrase “set sail” is equivalent in meaning to:
A frase “set sail” é equivalente em significado a:
(A) flew. voou. ("um navio não voa")
(B) boarded. embarcou. ("um navio não pode embarcar")
(C) departed. partiu
(D) fitted. encaixou
(E) reduced. reduziu
>> "TO SET SAIL for/from" ("to begin a journey by boat or ship", ) – DEPART (partir).
>> No contexto de um "sailboat"(veleiro):
- Hull (casco) - The body of the boat (O corpo do barco)
- Mast (mastro) - A tall vertical pole that supports the sails (Um poste vertical alto que sustenta as velas)
- Sail (vela) -The fabric that catches the wind and propels the boat. (O tecido que pega o vento e impulsiona o barco)
- Halyard (Adriça) - A rope used to raise or lower a sail. (Uma corda usada para içar ou abaixar uma vela).
- Rudder (leme) - A flat, movable plate at the stern that steers the boat. Uma placa plana e móvel na popa que dirige o barco.)
• TEXTO II
Read the text below and answer questions 28 and 29.
Why We're Spending So Much Money
Por que estamos gastando tanto dinheiro
[1] My credit card seldom leaves my wallet anymore. But that doesn't matter. In the two weeks before I wrote this story, I spent more than $4,000 on my card without laying eyes on it.
Meu cartão de crédito raramente sai da minha carteira. Mas isso não importa. Nas duas semanas antes de escrever esta história, gastei mais de US$ 4.000 no meu cartão sem nem olhar para ele.
[2] Each of these transactions was made online, where my card number is stored by Uber or Walmart or Google Chrome. That's probably why I didn't feel embarrassed when I spent $333 on groceries for a weekend with friends, or $48.34 on a pizza through Uber Eats, or even $1,533 for an Airbnb. Without having to type in my card number, the pain of the purchase was softened.
Cada uma dessas transações foi feita online, onde o número do meu cartão é armazenado pelo Uber, Walmart ou Google Chrome. Provavelmente é por isso que não me senti envergonhado quando gastei US$ 333 em compras para um fim de semana com amigos, ou US$ 48,34 em uma pizza pelo Uber Eats, ou mesmo US$ 1.533 em um Airbnb. Sem ter que digitar o número do meu cartão, a dor da compra foi amenizada.
[3] Frictionless transactions are common in today's economy — you can wave your cell near a cash register, press “buy" on Amazon without really knowing which credit card you're charging, and send money to a stranger via your phone without having met them in person.
Transações sem atrito são comuns na economia atual — você pode acenar seu celular perto de uma caixa registradora, pressionar "comprar" na Amazon sem realmente saber qual cartão de crédito está cobrando e enviar dinheiro para um estranho pelo seu telefone sem conhecê-lo pessoalmente.
[4] There are, of course, some reasons why people are spending a lot of money right now. But there's one additional factor that has changed since the beginning of the pandemic: people are more accustomed to using financial technology to pay for things, which eliminates barriers that might have once slowed their spending. “Convenience makes it much easier to enjoy the process of shopping, removing the additional difficulties of buying things,” says Yuqian Xu, a professor at UNC's Kenan- Flagler Business School who has studied frictionless payment methods. Research shows that the more frictionless the payment method, the more money people spend.
Existem, é claro, algumas razões pelas quais as pessoas estão gastando muito dinheiro agora. Mas há um fator adicional que mudou desde o início da pandemia: as pessoas estão mais acostumadas a usar tecnologia financeira para pagar por coisas, o que elimina barreiras que antes poderiam ter desacelerado seus gastos. “A conveniência torna muito mais fácil aproveitar o processo de compras, removendo as dificuldades adicionais de comprar coisas”, diz Yuqian Xu, professor da Kenan-Flagler Business School da UNC que estudou métodos de pagamento sem atrito. Pesquisas mostram que quanto mais sem atrito o método de pagamento, mais dinheiro as pessoas gastam.
[5] Paying with a mobile phone is faster than using a credit card — it takes an average of 29 seconds versus 40, according to Xu, the UNC professor. That speed and convenience accelerates spending, Xu and her colleagues found in a July 2023 study that tracked spending after the launch of Alipay, a mobile payment service. It indicated that credit card transaction amounts increased by 9.4% once people could use a mobile device, while the frequency of transactions increased by 10.7%.
Pagar com um celular é mais rápido do que usar um cartão de crédito — leva em média 29 segundos contra 40, de acordo com Xu, a professora da UNC. Essa velocidade e conveniência aceleram os gastos, Xu e seus colegas descobriram em um estudo de julho de 2023 que rastreou os gastos após o lançamento do Alipay, um serviço de pagamento móvel. Ele indicou que os valores das transações com cartão de crédito aumentaram 9,4% quando as pessoas puderam usar um dispositivo móvel, enquanto a frequência das transações aumentou 10,7%.
[6] The result is a cycle of tech adoption that has loosened customers' wallets. Once consumers started using mobile payments, they became more comfortable with making credit-card payments on their computers, and started moving more money digitally. And once they were comfortable spending money digitally, they started spending more money overall.
O resultado é um ciclo de adoção de tecnologia que afrouxou as carteiras dos clientes. Depois que os consumidores começaram a usar pagamentos móveis, eles se sentiram mais confortáveis em fazer pagamentos com cartão de crédito em seus computadores e começaram a movimentar mais dinheiro digitalmente. E quando se sentiram confortáveis em gastar dinheiro digitalmente, começaram a gastar mais dinheiro no geral.
[7] Economists refer to the way people organize and spend their money as mental accounting. Humans are often irrational with the way they choose to spend and save money — splurging with a $100 bill found on the sidewalk while saving every penny of their salary, for instance.
Os economistas referem-se à maneira como as pessoas organizam e gastam seu dinheiro como contabilidade mental. Os humanos são frequentemente irracionais com a maneira como escolhem gastar e economizar dinheiro — esbanjando com uma nota de US$ 100 encontrada na calçada enquanto economizam cada centavo de seu salário, por exemplo.
[8] Mental accounting is a big reason people spend more with frictionless payments. Consumers think of new apps like Apple Pay as a separate budget category that enables new spending, says Michael Gelman, a finance professor at the University of Delaware. In an experiment, Gelman tracked the behavior of consumers who had received a random credit card in the mail. While those consumers' spending behavior on their old credit cards remained the same, they started to splurge on their new one, dropping 26% more than people who had not received a new card. “Once you open a new budget category, you manage it separately,” he says. “It can have an effect on total consumption: you consume more because you have the opportunity.”
A contabilidade mental é um grande motivo pelo qual as pessoas gastam mais com pagamentos sem atrito. Os consumidores pensam em novos aplicativos como o Apple Pay como uma categoria de orçamento separada que permite novos gastos, diz Michael Gelman, professor de finanças da Universidade de Delaware. Em um experimento, Gelman rastreou o comportamento de consumidores que receberam um cartão de crédito aleatório pelo correio. Embora o comportamento de gastos desses consumidores em seus cartões de crédito antigos permanecesse o mesmo, eles começaram a esbanjar em seu novo cartão, caindo 26% a mais do que as pessoas que não receberam um novo cartão. “Depois de abrir uma nova categoria de orçamento, você a gerencia separadamente”, diz ele. “Isso pode ter um efeito no consumo total: você consome mais porque tem a oportunidade.”
[9] But many American consumers are spending beyond their means. Household debt reached a record $17.5 trillion in the fourth quarter of 2023, and has increased by $3.4 trillion since the end of 2019, according to data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Credit card debt has “passed a milestone,” says Michele Raneri, head of U.S. research and consulting at TransUnion.
Mas muitos consumidores americanos estão gastando além de suas possibilidades. A dívida das famílias atingiu um recorde de US$ 17,5 trilhões no quarto trimestre de 2023 e aumentou em US$ 3,4 trilhões desde o final de 2019, de acordo com dados do Federal Reserve Bank de Nova York. A dívida do cartão de crédito “ultrapassou um marco”, diz Michele Raneri, chefe de pesquisa e consultoria dos EUA na TransUnion.
[10] That's partly because people have a hard time keeping track of all the places they're spending money, credit counselors say. The rise of digital payment systems like Apple Pay “creates this scattered universe of different payment . options that can lead to overspending and financial instability.” says Bruce McClary, senior vice president at the National Foundation for Credit Counseling.
Isso ocorre em parte porque as pessoas têm dificuldade em controlar todos os lugares onde estão gastando dinheiro, dizem os conselheiros de crédito. A ascensão de sistemas de pagamento digital como o Apple Pay “cria esse universo disperso de diferentes opções de pagamento que podem levar a gastos excessivos e instabilidade financeira”, diz Bruce McClary, vice-presidente sênior da National Foundation for Credit Counseling.
- (Adapted from https://time.com)
28 – Because of their mental accounting, the general public often associates frictionless payments with:
(A) American consumers' behavior.
(B) buying less.
(C) throwing away their old credit cards.
(D) a separate budget category.
(E) saving more money.
- Gabarito D
Because of their mental accounting, the general public often associates frictionless payments with:
Por causa de sua contabilidade mental, o público em geral frequentemente associa pagamentos sem atrito com:
(A) American consumers' behavior.
comportamento dos consumidores americanos.
(B) buying less.
comprar menos.
(C) throwing away their old credit cards.
jogar fora seus antigos cartões de crédito.
(D) a separate budget category.
uma categoria de orçamento separada.
- [8] Mental accounting is a big reason people spend more with frictionless payments. Consumers think of new apps like Apple Pay as a separate budget category that enables new spending, says Michael Gelman, a finance professor at the University of Delaware. In an experiment, Gelman tracked the behavior of consumers who had received a random credit card in the mail. While those consumers' spending behavior on their old credit cards remained the same, they started to splurge on their new one, dropping 26% more than people who had not received a new card. “Once you open a new budget category, you manage it separately,” he says. “It can have an effect on total consumption: you consume more because you have the opportunity.”A contabilidade mental é um grande motivo pelo qual as pessoas gastam mais com pagamentos sem atrito. Os consumidores pensam em novos aplicativos como o Apple Pay como uma categoria de orçamento separada que permite novos gastos, diz Michael Gelman, professor de finanças da Universidade de Delaware. Em um experimento, Gelman rastreou o comportamento de consumidores que receberam um cartão de crédito aleatório pelo correio. Embora o comportamento de gastos desses consumidores em seus cartões de crédito antigos permanecesse o mesmo, eles começaram a esbanjar em seu novo cartão, caindo 26% a mais do que as pessoas que não receberam um novo cartão. “Depois de abrir uma nova categoria de orçamento, você a gerencia separadamente”, diz ele. “Isso pode ter um efeito no consumo total: você consome mais porque tem a oportunidade.”
(E) saving more money.
economizar mais dinheiro.
29 – According to text ll:
(A) the use of mobile phones for online shopping leads to people feeling more comfortable and, consequently, more conscious of their payments.
(B) nowadays there are no more barriers that prevent people from spending all their money.
(C) the use of mobile devices for buying things online has led to an increase in people's spending money.
(D) the technologies used in frictionless transactions allow people to video message strangers whenever they ask for money.
(E) the convenience of mobile payments has made it easier for people to save money.
- Gabarito C
(A) the use of mobile phones for online shopping leads to people feeling more comfortable and, consequently, more conscious of their payments.
o uso de celulares para compras on-line faz com que as pessoas se sintam mais confortáveis e, consequentemente, mais conscientes de seus pagamentos.
(B) nowadays there are no more barriers that prevent people from spending all their money.
hoje em dia não há mais barreiras que impeçam as pessoas de gastar todo o seu dinheiro.
(C) the use of mobile devices for buying things online has led to an increase in people's spending money.
o uso de dispositivos móveis para comprar coisas on-line levou a um aumento no gasto de dinheiro das pessoas.
(D) the technologies used in frictionless transactions allow people to video message strangers whenever they ask for money.
as tecnologias usadas em transações sem atrito permitem que as pessoas enviem mensagens de vídeo para estranhos sempre que pedem dinheiro.
(E) the convenience of mobile payments has made it easier for people to save money.
a conveniência dos pagamentos móveis tornou mais fácil para as pessoas economizarem dinheiro.
30 – Which option complètes the text below correctly?
- My husband and I _____ at the airport last Thursday when we _____ that we _____ our passports at home. Fortunately, we _____ very early at the airport so we _____ time to go back home. We _____ our passports, _____ back to the airport and could finally _____ the plane.
(A) checked in / had realized / were leaving / arrived / have had / get / hurry / gotten on
(B) was checking in / realized / had left / had arrived / have had / got / hurry / get on
(C) were checking in / realized / had left / had arrived / had / got / hurried / get on
(D) was checking in / had realized / left / arrived / had / gotten / had hurried I got on
(E) were checking in / had realized / left / arrived / had / gotten / hurried / got on
- Gabarito C
- My husband and I were checking in at the airport last Thursday when we realized that we had left our passports at home. Fortunately, we had arrived very early at the airport so we had time to go back home. We got our passports, hurried back to the airport and could finally get on the plane.
(A) checked in / had realized / were leaving / arrived / have had / get / hurry / gotten on
(B) was checking in / realized / had left / had arrived / have had / got / hurry / get on
(C) were checking in / realized / had left / had arrived / had / got / hurried / get on
>> PAST CONTINOUS - PAST SIMPLE - PAST PERFECT - PAST PERFECT - PAST SIMPLE - PAST SIMPLE - BASE FORM.
(D) was checking in / had realized / left / arrived / had / gotten / had hurried I got on
(E) were checking in / had realized / left / arrived / had / gotten / hurried / got on
31 – Mark the option in which the underlined words are correctly used.
(A) Mr. Adams, his lawyer and their friends spent a week in Paris last month. The city is famous for it's fashion, food and culture. All of they had a great time there.
(B) Mr. Adams, her lawyer and theirs friends spent a week in Paris last month. The city is famous for its fashion, food and culture. All of their had a great time there.
(C) Mr. Adams, him lawyer and their friends spent a week in Paris last month. The city is famous for her fashion, food and culture. All of they had a great time there.
(D) Mr. Adams, his lawyer and their friends spent a week in Paris last month. The city is famous for its fashion, food and culture. All of them had a great time there.
(E) Mr. Adams, her lawyer and theirs friends spent a week in Paris last month. The city is famous for it's fashion, food and culture. All of them had a great time there.
- Gabarito D
(A) Mr. Adams, his lawyer and their friends spent a week in Paris last month. The city is famous for it's fashion, food and culture. All of they had a great time there.
(B) Mr. Adams, her lawyer and theirs friends spent a week in Paris last month. The city is famous for its fashion, food and culture. All of their had a great time there.
(C) Mr. Adams, him lawyer and their friends spent a week in Paris last month. The city is famous for her fashion, food and culture. All of they had a great time there.
(D) Mr. Adams, his lawyer and their friends spent a week in Paris last month. The city is famous for its fashion, food and culture. All of them had a great time there.
(E) Mr. Adams, her lawyer and theirs friends spent a week in Paris last month. The city is famous for it's fashion, food and culture. All of them had a great time there.
32 – Mark the option that is grammatically correct.
(A) The passengers would survive the accident if they wear life jackets.
(B) Unless my train is late, I'd arrive early.
(C) Unless they'll follow the appropriate procedures, a fire breaks out.
(D) Oil floats if you pour it on water.
(E) If the engine stops, the ship would drift.
- Gabarito D
Mark the option that is grammatically correct.
(A) The passengers would survive the accident if they wear life jackets.(INCORRETA)
- The passengers would survive the accident if they WORE life jackets.
- Os passageiros sobreviveriam ao acidente se USASSEM coletes salva-vidas.
- >> Oração principal com WOULD (would survive) combina gramaticalmente com PAST SIMPLE (if they wore) na oração condicional.
(B) Unless my train is late, I'd arrive early.(INCORRETA)
- Unless my train is late, I'LL arrive early.
- DICA: Quando a oração condicional está no presente (is), a oração principal fica no futuro (will arrive).
- UNLESS = EXCEPT IF.
(C) Unless they'll follow the appropriate procedures, a fire breaks out.(INCORRETA)
- Unless they follow the appropriate procedures, a fire WILL break out.
- MUITO ATENÇÃO: Não existe "WILL" em oração condicional.
O óleo flutua se você derramá-lo na água.
- FATO CIENTÍFICO - Caso de condicional ZERO.
- Main Clause: "Present Simple"
- If Clause: "Present Simple".
(E) If the engine stops, the ship would drift.(INCORRETA)
- If the engine stops, the ship WILL drift.
- DICA: Quando a oração condicional está no presente (pour), a oração principal fica no futuro (will drift).
33 – Which option completes the sentence below correctly?
- As it was a cold day, _____ people were on the deck of the ship.
(A) few
(B) much
(C) a lot
(D) none
(E) a little
- Gabarito A
Which option completes the sentence below correctly?
- As it was a cold day, few people were on the deck of the ship.
- Como era um dia frio, ALGUMAS pessoas estavam no convés do navio.
- DICA: Usamos FEW com "plural countable noun"(people).
- FEW = some, or a small number of something.
(A) few
- USO GERAL: "FEW"(=some) (quantifier) quantificando "plural countable nouns": few moments, few days, Few cities, few people, etc.).
(B) much
- USO 1: "MUCH" (quantifier) quantificando "uncountable nouns": much money, much traffic, much time, much change, much unemployment, much concern, much consideration, etc.).
- USO 2: "MUCH" (adverb) modificando adjetivos: much better, much greater, much easier, much the best, much the most interesting etc.
(C) a lot
>> "A LOT" intensifica verbos ("drink a lot", "work a lot", "sleep a lot").
(D) none
>> "NONE" significa ‘nem um’ ou ‘nenhum’. Usamos como pronome para substituir substantivos contáveis e incontáveis. Usamos como sujeito ou objeto:
- My mother had two brothers. My father had none. (My father didn’t have any brothers.)
- Minha mãe tinha dois irmãos. Meu pai não tinha nenhum. (Meu pai não tinha irmãos.)
(E) a little
>> Usamos "A LITTLE"(=a bit) como advérbio: smiled a little, shaking a little, speaks a little
34 – (CPAEN-2024-ESCOLA NAVAL) Which sentence is grammatically INCORRECT?
(A) The ship will be launched soon.
(B) Ships used to been build of wood.
(C) Nowadays ships are made of steel.
(D) The ship was bought by our company.
(E) Our ship is being painted now.
- Gabarito B
Which sentence is grammatically INCORRECT?
(A) The ship will be launched soon.
(B) Ships used to been build of wood.
>> Usamos "USED TO" quando nos referimos a coisas do passado que não são mais verdadeiras na atualidade. O padrão gramatical é [USED TO + base form].
- Ships used to be build of wood.
- He used to play football.
- He used to go to our school.
- We used to go to the seaside.
- Jimmy used to be a friend of mine.
- I used to live in Paris
(C) Nowadays ships are made of steel.
(D) The ship was bought by our company.
(E) Our ship is being painted now.
35 – Analyze the sentences below.
- I - The.attendant refused to help me yesterday.
- II - They expect arriving there in an hour.
- III - You should to avoid drinking cold water.
- IV - I always forget to lock the door.
- V - We enjoyed visiting the museum last month. Choose the correct option.
(A) Only I, II and Ill are grammatically correct.
(B) Only It, III and IV are grammatically correct.
(C) Only III and IV are grammatically correct.
(D) Only I, IV and V are grammatically correct.
(E) Only II and V are grammatically correct.
- Gabarito D
I - The.attendant refused to help me yesterday.(CORRETA)
II - They expect arriving there in an hour.(INCORRETA)
- They expect to arrive here in an hour.
III - You should to avoid drinking cold water.(INCORRETA)
- You should avoid drinking cold water.
IV - I always forget to lock the door.(CORRETA)
V - We enjoyed visiting the museum last month.(CORRETA)
36 – Mark the option that is grammatically correct.
(A) Africa is more larger than Europe.
(B) Mexico isn't as larger as Brazil.
(C) Europe isn't the more populous continent in the world.
(D) Argentina is least populous then Brazil.
(E) Asia is the largest continent in the world.
Comentários e Gabarito E
TÓPICO - GRAMMAR "COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE" :
(A) Africa is more larger than Europe.
>>Para formar o comparativo de SUPERIORIDADE de adjetivos com uma ou duas sílabas em inglês, basta adicionar o sufixo "-er" ao final do adjetivo.
- Africa IS LARGE THAN Europe.
(B) Mexico isn't as larger as Brazil.
>> USO DO COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDADE: AS (TÃO) + ADJETIVO + AS (QUANTO)
- Mexico isn't as LARGE as Brazil.
(C) Europe isn't the more populous continent in the world.
>>NO SUPERLATIVO: Usar a expressão "the most" antes do adjetivo.
- Europe isn't the MOST populous continent in the world.
(D) Argentina is least populous then Brazil.
>> USO DO COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDADE: LESS (MENOS) + ADJETIVO + THAN (DO QUE)
- Argentina is LESS populous then Brazil.
(E) Asia is the largest continent in the world.
37 – Choose the correct option to complete the dialogue below.
- Captain: _____ you join the Navy?
- Sailor: Two years ago, sir.
(A) When did
(B) When were
(C) Where did
(D) How Iong was
(E) How long were
- Gabarito A
Choose the correct option to complete the dialogue below.
- Captain: When did you join the Navy?
- Capitão: Quando você se juntou à Marinha?
- Sailor: Two years ago, sir.
- Marinheiro: Há dois anos, senhor.
(A) When did
(B) When were
(C) Where did
(D) How Iong was
(E) How long were
38 – (CPAEN-2024-ESCOLA NAVAL) Which option completes the sentence below correctly?
- After ______ an ankle injury, the runner won a gold medal.
(A) getting over
(B) staying up
(C) switching on
(D) eating out
(E) writing down
- Gabarito A
Which option completes the sentence below correctly?
- After getting over an ankle injury, the runner won a gold medal.
- Após superar uma lesão no tornozelo, o corredor ganhou uma medalha de ouro.
(A) getting over superar
(B) staying up ficar acordado
(C) switching on ligar
(D) eating out comer fora
(E) writing down descrever
39 – Mark the option that is grammatically correct.
(A) You're Peter Jackson, don't you?
- You're Peter Jackson, AREN'T you?
(B) The class finishes before lunch, doesn't it?
(C) The animals in the zoo are fed twice a day, didn‘t they†
(D) You can't speak French, could you?
(E) Let's go out, have we?
- Gabarito B
(A) You're Peter Jackson, don't you?
- You're Peter Jackson, AREN'T you?
(B) The class finishes before lunch, doesn't it?
(C) The animals in the zoo are fed twice a day, didn‘t they?
- The animals in the zoo are fed twice a day, AREN'T they?
(D) You can't speak French, could you?
- You can't speak French, CAN you?
(E) Let's go out, have we?
- Let's go out, SHALL we?
40 – Read the text below.
- Sleep hygiene is one of the factors that can help to boost muscle recovery. Most of the body recuperation takes place during sleep. According to a study, lack of sleep can reduce muscle growth and lead to muscle loss.
- Also, a single sleepless night can affect your performance during an exercise or a workout. ______ , you should ensure that you sleep well to get the most out of your training. Make sure you sleep up to seven hours every night. Sleeping for eight to nine hours is preferable if you engage in a rigorous workout.
(Adapted from https://www.briancolemd.com)
Which option complètes the text correctly†
(A) Despite
(B) Although
(C) Because
(D) As though
(E) Therefore
- Gabarito E
- Also, a single sleepless night can affect your performance during an exercise or a workout. Therefore, you should ensure that you sleep well to get the most out of your training. Make sure you sleep up to seven hours every night. Sleeping for eight to nine hours is preferable if you engage in a rigorous workout.
- Além disso, uma única noite sem dormir pode afetar seu desempenho durante um exercício ou treino. LOGO, você deve garantir que durma bem para aproveitar ao máximo seu treino. Certifique-se de dormir até sete horas todas as noites. Dormir de oito a nove horas é preferível se você se envolver em um treino rigoroso.
Which option complètes the text correctly†
(A) Despite Apesar de
(B) Although Embora
(C) Because Porque
(D) As though Como se
(E) Therefore Logo, portanto
