- 16 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 4 Options Each Question.
❑ TEXTO 1:
Read the text below and answer questions 01 to 16 according to it.
Music therapy with cancer patients
Musicoterapia com pacientes com câncer
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, in Germany and in many other industrialized countries. In 2007, about 12 million people were diagnosed with cancer worldwide with a mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society, 2007). In the industrial countries, the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men are prostate cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Women are most commonly diagnosed with breast cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer.
The symptoms of cancer depend on the type of the disease, but there are common symptoms caused by cancer and/or by its medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy and radiation). Common physical symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness, limited physical activity, hair loss, a sore mouth/throat and bowel problems. Cancer also often causes psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, mood disturbances, stress, insecurity, grief and decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate social consequences. Social isolation can occur due to physical or psychological symptoms (for example, feeling too tired to meet friends, cutting oneself off due to depressive complaints).
Besides conventional pharmacological treatments of cancer, there are treatments to meet psychological and physical needs of the patient. Psychological consequences of cancer, such as depression, anxiety or loss of control, can be counteracted by psychotherapy. For example, within cognitive therapy cancer patients may develop coping strategies to handle the disease. Research indicates that music therapy, which is a form of psychotherapy, can have positive effects on both physiological and psychological symptoms of cancer patients as well as in acute or palliative situations.
There are several definitions of music therapy. According to the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT, 1996), music therapy is: “the use of music and/or its music elements (sound, rhythm, melody and harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a client or group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote communication, relationship, learning, mobilization, expression, organization, and other relevant therapeutic objectives, in order to meet physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive needs”.
The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT, 1999) defines music therapy as “a methodological form of assistance in which musical means are used within a therapeutic relation to manage changes, developments, stabilisation or acceptance on the emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the physical field”.
The assumption is that the patient's musical behaviour conforms to their general behaviour. The starting points are the features of the patient's specific disorder or disease pattern. There is an analogy between psychological problems and musical behaviour, which means that emotions can be expressed musically. For patients who have difficulties in expressing emotions, music therapy can be a useful medium. Music therapy might be a useful intervention for breast cancer patients in order to facilitate and enhance their emotional expressivity. Besides analogy, there are further qualities of music that can be beneficial within therapeutic treatment. One of these qualities is symbolism: music can symbolize persons, objects, incidents, experiences or memories of daily life. Therefore, music is a reality, which represents another reality. The symbolism of the musical reality enables the patient to deal safely with the other reality for it evokes memories about persons, objects or incidents. These associations can be perceived as positive or negative, so they release emotions in the patient.
Music therapy both addresses physical and psychological needs of the patient. Numerous studies indicate that music therapy can be beneficial to both acute cancer patients and palliative cancer patients in the final stage of disease.
Most research with acute cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, surgery or stem cell transplantation examined the effectiveness of receptive music therapy. Listening to music during chemotherapy, either played live by the music therapist or from tape has a positive effect on pain perception, relaxation, anxiety and mood. There was also found a decrease in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate and an improvement in fatigue; insomnia and appetite loss could be significantly decreased in patients older than 45 years. Further improvements by receptive music therapy were found for physical comfort, vitality, dizziness and tolerability of the chemotherapy. A study with patients undergoing surgery found that receptive music therapy led to decreased anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before, during and after surgery. Music therapy can also be applied in palliative situations, for example to patients with terminal cancer who live in hospices.
Studies indicate that music therapy may be beneficial for cancer patients in acute and palliative situations, but the benefits of music therapy for convalescing cancer patients remain unclear. Estudos indicam que a musicoterapia pode ser benéfica para pacientes com câncer em situações agudas e paliativas, mas os benefícios da musicoterapia para pacientes com câncer convalescentes permanecem obscuros.
Whereas music therapy interventions for acute and palliative patients often focus on physiological and psychosomatic symptoms, such as pain perception and reducing medical side-effects, music therapy with posthospital curative treatment could have its main focus on psychological aspects. Enquanto as intervenções musicoterapêuticas para pacientes agudos e paliativos muitas vezes se concentram em sintomas fisiológicos e psicossomáticos, como percepção da dor e redução de efeitos colaterais médicos, a musicoterapia com tratamento curativo pós-hospitalar poderia ter seu foco principal nos aspectos psicológicos.
A cancer patient is not free from cancer until five years after the tumour ablation. The patient fears that the cancer has not been defeated. In this stage of the disease, patients frequently feel insecure, depressive and are emotionally unstable. How to handle irksome and negative emotions is an important issue for many oncology patients. After the difficult period of the medical treatment, which they often have overcome in a prosaic way by masking emotions, patients often express the wish to become aware of themselves again. They may wish to grapple with negative emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to experience positive feelings, such as enjoyment and vitality. Um paciente com câncer não está livre do câncer até cinco anos após a ablação do tumor. O paciente teme que o câncer não tenha sido derrotado. Nesta fase da doença, os pacientes frequentemente sentem-se inseguros, deprimidos e emocionalmente instáveis. Como lidar com emoções negativas e cansativas é uma questão importante para muitos pacientes oncológicos. Após o difícil período do tratamento médico, que muitas vezes superaram de forma prosaica, mascarando as emoções, os pacientes muitas vezes expressam o desejo de voltar a ter consciência de si mesmos. Eles podem querer lidar com emoções negativas devido à sua doença. Outros pacientes desejam experimentar sentimentos positivos, como prazer e vitalidade.
The results indicate that music therapy can also have positive influences on well-being of cancer patients in the post-hospital curative stage as well as they offer valuable information about patients' needs in this state of treatment and how effects can be dealt with properly. Os resultados indicam que a musicoterapia também pode ter influências positivas no bem-estar dos pacientes com câncer na fase curativa pós-hospitalar, bem como oferece informações valiosas sobre as necessidades dos pacientes neste estado de tratamento e como os efeitos podem ser tratados adequadamente.
(Adapted from https://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pdf - Access on 25/02/19)
01 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Cancer is
(A) the most relevant disease people face.
(B) not related to industrialized countries.
(C) actually restricted to German individuals.
(D) one of the major causes of people's death.
02 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
The fragment “the most commonly diagnosed cancers” (lines 06 and 07) is an example of
(A) superlative.
(B) comparative of superiority.
(C) comparative of inferiority.
(D) comparative of equality.
👍 Gabarito A
➭ THE MOST ... – Indicativo de SUPERLATIVO de adjetivo longo (diagnosed).
03 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
The second paragraph of the text states that
(A) social isolation happens as a result of physical effort and medical treatments.
(B) radiation and chemotherapy prove to be ineffective for cancer treatment.
(C) there may be a relation between kinds of disease as well as their symptoms.
(D) dizziness and bowel disturbances could be caused by different tunes.
04 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
In the phrase "coping strategies" (line 32), the underlined word is a synonym for
(A) noting.
(B) defining.
(C) managing.
(D) creating.
05 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
The text
(A) focuses on the present cancer mortality rates.
(B) aims at presenting a complementary way to deal with cancer.
(C) delves into the mind of worldwide cancer patients.
(D) develops a detailed idea on how to live with cancer.
06 – (AFA-CFO-2019/2020)01 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
The passage
"patient's musical behaviour conforms to their general behaviour"(lines 55 and 56)
suggests that
(A) one standard complies with the other.
(B) an unstable relation could take place.
(C) some reactions are more predictable than others.
(D) general kinds of behaviour are not very common.
07 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Mark the alternative that LACKS the correct synonym for the underlined word.
(A) Cancer also often causes psychological problems (lines 18 and 19) – generally.
(B) Besides analogy, there are further qualities of music that can be beneficial (lines 65 to 67) – apart from.
(C) Therefore, music is a reality, which represents another reality (lines 70 and 71) – thus.
(D) “For it evokes memories about persons, objects or incidents” (lines 73 and 74) – conversely.
08 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Mark one of the statements below that DOESN'T agree with the text.
(A) Music therapy helps people to express their emotions.
(B) Patient's music behaviour usually varies a lot.
(C) Men and women suffer from different sorts of diseases.
(D) The therapy helps psychological/ physical disorders.
09 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
According to the text, most patients felt compelled to
(A) create choruses in order to promote musical learning.
(B) deprive themselves of getting along with people.
(C) join other oncology patients for therapeutic purposes.
(D) distress therapists as part of psychotherapy sessions.
10 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
The text is mainly concerned with the
(A) diastolic blood pressure decrease in cancer patients.
(B) studies on music therapy and its different sorts.
(C) relevance of music in cancer patient's welfare.
(D) patient's tolerability of chemotherapy as well as radiation.
11 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Mark the sentence in which “that” can correctly replace the pronoun.
(A) Music therapy, which is a form of psychotherapy, can have positive effects (lines 33 to 35).
(B) A methodological form of assistance in which musical means are used (lines 49 and 50).
(C) For patients who have difficulties in expressing emotions [e] (lines 61 and 62).
(D) Patients often express the wish to become aware of themselves again (lines 118 to 120).
12 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
According to the text, mark the option which contains the meaning for the word “hospice” (line 99).
(A) A protocol for dealing with cancer.
(B) A sort of music therapy for cancer patients.
(C) A cancer surgery for palliative medical cases.
(D) A place providing care for ill people.
13 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Regarding music therapy in cancer treatment
(A) good results are still not obvious in some cases.
(B) psychological problems would not be considered.
(C) patients could not benefit from it after surgeries.
(D) relaxation and stressful levels were very high.
14 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Read the statement based on paragraph 8 and mark the action that happened first.
A study discovered that receptive music therapy had decreased anxiety and stress levels before, during and after surgeries. Also, music therapy can be applied to different levels of the disease.
(A) Discover.
(B) Decrease.
(C) Can.
(D) Apply.
15 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
In the fragment "music therapy with post-hospital curative treatment could have its main focus on psychological aspects" (lines 107 to 109) the pronoun refers to
(A) music therapy and post-hospital curative treatment.
(B) curative treatment and main focus.
(C) main focus and psychological aspects.
(D) psychological aspects and music therapy.
16 – (AFA/CFO/OFICIAL/2020-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
One concludes that
(A) the therapy’s outcome helps out in distinct stages.
(B) some effects are hard to be managed suitably.
(C) healing patients definitely overcome curative course.
(D) cancer welfare has to be faced by means of fierce sounds.
